FUTURE BEYOND NANOTECHNOLOGY (Nanorobots and Nanosensors)

ABSTRACT


Nano-biotechnology is now becoming an emerging field that is going to bring a lot of changes in the current century of technological revolution. It is a one part of NANO-TECHNOLOGY Apart from its participation in all fields, the part of nanos in human science and medicine is large. Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.Most symptoms such as fever and itching have specific biochemical causes that can also be managed, reduced, and eliminated using the appropriate injected nanorobots.

Our paper mainly concentrated on implementing nano robots in detecting human physiology. This paper mainly concentrates on implementing nano robots in medical field. In this paper we have two ideas:
One is using nano robots to exhale oxygen and carbon di oxide according to the human pressure. The nano robots are called as artificial red cells.

The second part of our paper deals with introducing nanosensors and nanorobots in detecting human blood sugar level. These nanorobots are embedded with mobile phones and the status of the patient can be read from remote places. These nano particles that reduce the size of microelectronic components will become a major part in human medicines, which may make this entire world to hide in a single chip.

INTRODUCTION:

The term “nanotechnology” generally refers to engineering and manufacturing at the molecular or nanometer length scale. (A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, about the width of 6 bonded carbon atoms). Nanotechnology relates to the creation of devices, structures and systems whose size ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers(nm). Nanotechnology’s impact is going to be felt in the next 20 to 30 years in all economic areas of science and technology : Information Technology, Medicine, Health, Materials and Manufacturing, Aeronautics and Space exploration, energy and environment, Transportation and National Security. Our paper concentrates mainly on our dream system that uses nanosensor in mobile phones to detect human blood sugar level and also nanorobots in respiratory process. Most broadly, nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.

PRINCIPLES OF NANO ROBOTS:
The typical medical nanodevice will probably be a micron-scale robot assembled from nanoscale parts. These parts could range in size from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 meter), and might be fitted together to make a working machine measuring perhaps 0.5-3 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meter) in diameter. Three microns is about the maximum size for blood borne medical nanorobots, due to the capillary passage requirement. Carbon will likely be the principal element comprising the bulk of medical Nanorobots, probably in the form of diamond or diamonded/fullerene nanocomposites largely because of the tremendous strength and chemical inertness of diamond. Many other light elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, silicon, etc. will be used for special purposes in nanoscale gears and other components.



STRUCTURE OF NANO ROBOTS:
It is impossible to say exactly what a generic Nanorobot would look like. Nanorobots intended to travel through the bloodstream to their target will probably be 500-3000 nanometers (1 nanometer = 10-9 meter) in characteristic dimension. Non-blood borne tissue-traversing Nanorobots might be as large as 50-100 microns, and alimentary or bronchial-traveling nanorobots may be even larger still. Each species of medical Nanorobots will be designed to accomplish a specific task, and many shapes and sizes are possible.

In most cases a human patient who is undergoing a nanomedical treatment is going to look just like anyone else who is sick. The typical nanomedical treatment (e.g. to combat a bacterial or viral infection) will consist of an injection of perhaps a few cubic centimeters of micron-sized nanorobots suspended in fluid (probably a water/saline suspension).

The typical therapeutic dose may include up to 1-10 trillion
(1 trillion = 1012) individual nanorobots, although in some cases treatment may only require a few million or a few billion individual devices to be injected. Each Nanorobot will be on the order of perhaps 0.5 micron up to perhaps 3 microns in diameter. (The exact size depends on the design, and on exactly what the nanorobots are intended to do.) The adult human body has a volume of perhaps 100,000 cm3 and a blood volume of ~5400 cm3, so adding a mere ~3 cm3 dose of nanorobots is not particularly invasive.

1. NANOROBOTS IN ARTIFICIAL RED CELL :

The Nanorobot are named as ventilons.The ventilons measures about 1 micron in diameter and just floats along in the bloodstream. It is a spherical nanorobot made of 18 billion atoms. These atoms are mostly carbon atoms arranged as diamond in a porous lattice structure inside the spherical shell. The ventilons is essentially a tiny pressure tank that can be pumped full of up to 9 billion oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules. When the nanorobot passes through the lung capillaries, O2 partial pressure is high and CO2 partial pressure is low, so the onboard computer tells the sorting rotors to load the tanks with oxygen and to dump the CO2. When the device later finds itself in the oxygen-starved peripheral tissues, the sensor readings are reversed. That is, CO2 partial pressure is relatively high and O2 partial pressure relatively low, so the onboard computer commands the sorting rotors to release O2 and to absorb CO2.
Ventilons mimic the action of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells. But a ventilons can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red blood cell. This nanorobot is far more efficient than biology, mainly because its diamondoid construction permits a much higher operating pressure. (The operating pressure of the natural red blood cell is the equivalent of only about 0.51 atm, of which only about 0.13 atm is deliverable to tissues.) So the injection of a 5 cm3 dose of 50% ventilons aqueous suspension into the bloodstream can exactly replace the entire O2 and CO2 carrying capacity of the patient's entire 5,400 cm3 of blood. Ventilons will have pressure sensors to receive acoustic signals from the doctor, who will use an ultrasound-like transmitter device to give the ventilons commands to modify their behavior while they are still inside the patient's body. For example, the doctor might order all the ventilons to just stop pumping, and become dormant. Later, the doctor might order them all to turn on again.

APPLICATIONS :
 Some devices may have mobility ability to swim through the blood, or crawl through body tissue or along the walls of arteries.
 By adding 1 litre of ventilons into our bloodstream, we could then hold our breath for nearly 4 hours if sitting quietly at the bottom of a swimming pool.
 If we were sprinting at top speed, we could run for at least 15 minutes before we had to take a breath.
 Each medical nanorobot will be designed to do a particular job extremely well, and will have a unique shape and behavior.

2. OUR NANOSYSTEM TO DETECT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY:

Currently operate with micron sized active regions and offer the ability to do thousands of measurements in individual gene activities. Such arrays will allow hundreds of thousands of human genes to be monitored throughout a mission and will allow the determination of the effects of microgravity on human physiology in ways that are not imagined at present, as well as providing early warning of cancer or other disease states. By determining which genes are activated or inhibited, rack-mounted intelligent medical systems will be able to apply preventative care at the earliest possible point. Comprehensive cellular protein analysis and enzyme assays are equally feasible and instructive. Nanotech-based gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer similar technologies, such as a nanotech-based MS/MS, will allow the characterization and quantification of multitudes of substances in a single small biological sample. . In many cases, sensors will be integrated with on-chip signal processing and data acquisition along with micro fluidics and other sample transport.