Monday, September 21, 2009

Maximizing AdSense Revenues via Up-Selling

If you go into any Blockbuster Video store, you quickly notice the company’s use of a classic marketing technique – up-selling correlated products. This technique is highly effective at maximizing Blockbuster’s revenue and profit per customer. Moreover, this same technique can be applied to websites using Google’s AdSense program.

Up-selling is defined as selling additional, often higher priced, products and services to current customers. Ideally, the upsold products are correlated to the initial products – that is, they fill the same, or similar customer need that the first product did. Blockbuster up-sells its rental customers by offering them new and previously owned videos for sale. It also groups videos and posts signs saying “if you liked this video, you’ll like this video” spurring rentals of the new video.

To show how this technique can be applied to Google AdSense, let us look at an example of a painting website. To begin, it is critical to understand that by enrolling in the AdSense program the “product” that this website is selling is the keyword “paint” or “painting” as these keywords will show up in the AdSense results posted on their web pages. It is also critical to understand the price of these keywords, or how much the advertiser pays when someone clicks on one of their ads (a portion of which is passed on from Google to the owner of the painting website). In this case, top advertisers are paying approximately 19 cents for the keyword “paint” and 45 cents for the keyword “painting.”

By applying the technique of up-selling correlated products to the painting website, the website owner could dramatically increase the price of its products and the rate at which people buy (click on) the product. Like in the Blockbuster example, the key is to first determine expensive, correlated products to up-sell. In the painting case, one keyword that quickly comes to mind is “home remodeling” as painting is often part of a larger home remodeling project. Moreover, “home remodeling” has a price of $1.70, or nearly nine times the price of “paint.” Furthermore, finding keywords correlated to “home remodeling” yields even more expensive keywords such as “home improvement loan” which currently has a price of $6.50, or thirty-four times the price of the original term “paint.”

Now that the more expensive and correlated products have been identified, the website owner must create web pages with quality content about these products and entice, via text and links, visitors to go to these pages. The higher quality the content, the more enticing the product or service becomes, and the more likely a visitor is to click on one of the high paying AdSense ads.

In summary, by simply posting AdSense ads on their websites, most website owners are losing out on significant profits. Rather, they must identify the most expensive keywords that are correlated to their existing keywords and create web pages with quality content about these pages. While this requires some work, the returns on this investment are significant.

Friday, September 11, 2009

FUTURE BEYOND NANOTECHNOLOGY (Nanorobots and Nanosensors)

ABSTRACT


Nano-biotechnology is now becoming an emerging field that is going to bring a lot of changes in the current century of technological revolution. It is a one part of NANO-TECHNOLOGY Apart from its participation in all fields, the part of nanos in human science and medicine is large. Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.Most symptoms such as fever and itching have specific biochemical causes that can also be managed, reduced, and eliminated using the appropriate injected nanorobots.

Our paper mainly concentrated on implementing nano robots in detecting human physiology. This paper mainly concentrates on implementing nano robots in medical field. In this paper we have two ideas:
One is using nano robots to exhale oxygen and carbon di oxide according to the human pressure. The nano robots are called as artificial red cells.

The second part of our paper deals with introducing nanosensors and nanorobots in detecting human blood sugar level. These nanorobots are embedded with mobile phones and the status of the patient can be read from remote places. These nano particles that reduce the size of microelectronic components will become a major part in human medicines, which may make this entire world to hide in a single chip.

INTRODUCTION:

The term “nanotechnology” generally refers to engineering and manufacturing at the molecular or nanometer length scale. (A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, about the width of 6 bonded carbon atoms). Nanotechnology relates to the creation of devices, structures and systems whose size ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers(nm). Nanotechnology’s impact is going to be felt in the next 20 to 30 years in all economic areas of science and technology : Information Technology, Medicine, Health, Materials and Manufacturing, Aeronautics and Space exploration, energy and environment, Transportation and National Security. Our paper concentrates mainly on our dream system that uses nanosensor in mobile phones to detect human blood sugar level and also nanorobots in respiratory process. Most broadly, nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.

PRINCIPLES OF NANO ROBOTS:
The typical medical nanodevice will probably be a micron-scale robot assembled from nanoscale parts. These parts could range in size from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 meter), and might be fitted together to make a working machine measuring perhaps 0.5-3 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meter) in diameter. Three microns is about the maximum size for blood borne medical nanorobots, due to the capillary passage requirement. Carbon will likely be the principal element comprising the bulk of medical Nanorobots, probably in the form of diamond or diamonded/fullerene nanocomposites largely because of the tremendous strength and chemical inertness of diamond. Many other light elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, silicon, etc. will be used for special purposes in nanoscale gears and other components.



STRUCTURE OF NANO ROBOTS:
It is impossible to say exactly what a generic Nanorobot would look like. Nanorobots intended to travel through the bloodstream to their target will probably be 500-3000 nanometers (1 nanometer = 10-9 meter) in characteristic dimension. Non-blood borne tissue-traversing Nanorobots might be as large as 50-100 microns, and alimentary or bronchial-traveling nanorobots may be even larger still. Each species of medical Nanorobots will be designed to accomplish a specific task, and many shapes and sizes are possible.

In most cases a human patient who is undergoing a nanomedical treatment is going to look just like anyone else who is sick. The typical nanomedical treatment (e.g. to combat a bacterial or viral infection) will consist of an injection of perhaps a few cubic centimeters of micron-sized nanorobots suspended in fluid (probably a water/saline suspension).

The typical therapeutic dose may include up to 1-10 trillion
(1 trillion = 1012) individual nanorobots, although in some cases treatment may only require a few million or a few billion individual devices to be injected. Each Nanorobot will be on the order of perhaps 0.5 micron up to perhaps 3 microns in diameter. (The exact size depends on the design, and on exactly what the nanorobots are intended to do.) The adult human body has a volume of perhaps 100,000 cm3 and a blood volume of ~5400 cm3, so adding a mere ~3 cm3 dose of nanorobots is not particularly invasive.

1. NANOROBOTS IN ARTIFICIAL RED CELL :

The Nanorobot are named as ventilons.The ventilons measures about 1 micron in diameter and just floats along in the bloodstream. It is a spherical nanorobot made of 18 billion atoms. These atoms are mostly carbon atoms arranged as diamond in a porous lattice structure inside the spherical shell. The ventilons is essentially a tiny pressure tank that can be pumped full of up to 9 billion oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules. When the nanorobot passes through the lung capillaries, O2 partial pressure is high and CO2 partial pressure is low, so the onboard computer tells the sorting rotors to load the tanks with oxygen and to dump the CO2. When the device later finds itself in the oxygen-starved peripheral tissues, the sensor readings are reversed. That is, CO2 partial pressure is relatively high and O2 partial pressure relatively low, so the onboard computer commands the sorting rotors to release O2 and to absorb CO2.
Ventilons mimic the action of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells. But a ventilons can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red blood cell. This nanorobot is far more efficient than biology, mainly because its diamondoid construction permits a much higher operating pressure. (The operating pressure of the natural red blood cell is the equivalent of only about 0.51 atm, of which only about 0.13 atm is deliverable to tissues.) So the injection of a 5 cm3 dose of 50% ventilons aqueous suspension into the bloodstream can exactly replace the entire O2 and CO2 carrying capacity of the patient's entire 5,400 cm3 of blood. Ventilons will have pressure sensors to receive acoustic signals from the doctor, who will use an ultrasound-like transmitter device to give the ventilons commands to modify their behavior while they are still inside the patient's body. For example, the doctor might order all the ventilons to just stop pumping, and become dormant. Later, the doctor might order them all to turn on again.

APPLICATIONS :
 Some devices may have mobility ability to swim through the blood, or crawl through body tissue or along the walls of arteries.
 By adding 1 litre of ventilons into our bloodstream, we could then hold our breath for nearly 4 hours if sitting quietly at the bottom of a swimming pool.
 If we were sprinting at top speed, we could run for at least 15 minutes before we had to take a breath.
 Each medical nanorobot will be designed to do a particular job extremely well, and will have a unique shape and behavior.

2. OUR NANOSYSTEM TO DETECT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY:

Currently operate with micron sized active regions and offer the ability to do thousands of measurements in individual gene activities. Such arrays will allow hundreds of thousands of human genes to be monitored throughout a mission and will allow the determination of the effects of microgravity on human physiology in ways that are not imagined at present, as well as providing early warning of cancer or other disease states. By determining which genes are activated or inhibited, rack-mounted intelligent medical systems will be able to apply preventative care at the earliest possible point. Comprehensive cellular protein analysis and enzyme assays are equally feasible and instructive. Nanotech-based gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer similar technologies, such as a nanotech-based MS/MS, will allow the characterization and quantification of multitudes of substances in a single small biological sample. . In many cases, sensors will be integrated with on-chip signal processing and data acquisition along with micro fluidics and other sample transport.

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Electricity plays a vital role in our day to day life and also there is a great demand for electricity today.
 Transmission losses are also one of the reasons for this demand. Since transmission is a main part of the power system it should be more efficient
 During transmission there is a loss of 30%.To eliminate these losses we need a new technique which is called recent trend. The recent trend for efficient transmission of power is the “wireless power transmission system”. a new method for wireless power transmission using EM waves that comprises a transmitter and receiver in which we get a transmission efficiency of 95%.
 Wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where electromagnetic energy is transmitted from a power source to an load, without interconnecting wires..
 Wireless energy transfer, the transmission of electrical energy without wires in the form of mutual induction. Using induction it is possible to transmit and receive signals over a considerable distance.
 Another form of wireless energy transfer is electromagnetic radiation, such as in radio waves. These methods achieve multiple kilometre ranges.
 The long distance method uses Microwaves and radio waves . The benefit of a focused light beam is that power can be efficiently transmitted over much larger distances.

DRAW BACK:

 This method does not address how to accurately find and position the beam on the receiver, and how to maintain that position on the receiver.
 Therefore, a need exists for a high-energy wireless transmission system The present invention provides an improved method for wireless power transmission that comprises a transmitter and a passive receiver, wherein the receiver does not require an independent power source and the receiver provides optical feedback to the transmitter.This method comprises a transmitter and receiver as shown in the figure.
 The dashed arrows represent optical connections, while the solid lines represent electrical connections.

TRANSMITTER:


 The transmitter comprises a beam source which may contain one or more of the following beam modifying components: an electromagnetic generator that provides the electromagnetic (EM) beam, .
 The transmitter also may include a beam scanner to direct the EM beam. The beam scanner may comprise both a macro adjuster and micro adjuster.
 The transmitter may also include a beam partitioner that splits the reflected EM beam between the beam detector and the position sensor. The beam detector detects the presence of the reflected EM beam that is reflected by the receiver.
 The position sensor, working in conjunction with the control system, locates and tracks the reflected EM beam from the receiver and analyzes the reflected EM beam’s shape and intensity.
 Finally, the transmitter also includes the control system that receives a position sensor signal that includes information regarding characteristics of the reflected beam , and may also receives a beam detector signal from the beam detector (if this component is used) that also contains information regarding the reflected beam .
 The control system processes one or both of these signals to generate a beam modification signal that controls the beam source, which in turn modifies the EM beam. The control system may also send a beam adjustment signal (based on one or both of the signals and) to the beam scanner to control the direction of the EM beam.

RECEIVER:

 The receiver comprises a beam partitioner that splits the received incoming EM beam between the retro-reflector and the energy collector.
 The retro-reflector reflects a portion of the incoming EM beam back to the transmitter (resulting in a reflected EM beam), and the energy collector collects and converts the incoming EM beam’s electromagnetic energy into electrical energy, suitable for use by electronic devices.
 The receiver may optionally include a charging system that takes the power from the energy collector to charge a power reserve such as a battery or a capacitor.

OPERATION:

 In operation, the receiver receives an incoming EM beam comprised of electromagnetic energy.
 The receiver reflects a portion of the incoming EM beam back to the transmitter, so that the transmitter can more accurately direct and focus the incoming EM beam through the use of the beam scanner and beam source.
 Once the receiver receives the incoming EM beam, several embodiments may be employed to receive the most amount of power at the energy collector, while also providing a reflected EM beam to the transmitter for positioning, focusing and tracking.
 The EM beam emitted from the transmitter while in the low power mode is set to an intensity that is safe for the environment in which it is being used.
 The control system may also direct the beam conditioning optics of the transmitter to defocus the EM beam.
 Defocusing allows the receiver to be located more rapidly because the EM beam is spread over a larger volume of space, so the reflected EM beam from the receiver can be achieved faster—often in a single pass of the EM beam.
 As already described, an embodiment of the present system uses a low powered and defocused EM beam to scan a large area for the receiver.
 The beam scanner may comprise two types of beam adjusters that manipulate the location of the EM beam i.e., a macro adjuster and a micro adjuster.
 The macro adjuster is comprised of mirrors, rotating surface, and is used to scan a large volume of space.
 The micro adjuster scans a smaller area with a higher level of precision. During the initial location of the receiver, the macro adjuster will direct the EM beam.
 Once the transmitter detects the receiver by detecting a reflected EM beam at the position sensor, then the position sensor sends a signal to the control system.
 The control system processes this signal and sends a beam modification signal to the beam source to focus the EM beam (and optionally to increase the beam's intensity).
 At this point, the control system may also send a beam adjustment signal to the beam scanner to direct the EM beam to the region where the reflected beam was detected.

ADVANTAGES:

 the receiver does not require an independent source of power before receiving wireless power transmissions. In addition, the passive nature of the receiver reduces complexity and provides faster feedback compared to existing systems which require active feedback via a second communication channel.

. APPLICATIONS:

 The power transmission methods and devices described herein could be used to transmit power to remote areas.
 This method is applicable to charge all portable devices such as cell phones, laptops, robots etc.

CONCLUSION:

 According to recent survey by “ THE HINDU “ India is at the fourth position in power usage.
 This much consumption of energy may cause the electricity demand. Since this method achieves a transmission efficiency of 95%, this system could be a proper remedy for these problems.
 Implementation of this method eliminates the need for high voltage transmission lines.
 Since the transmitter of this system can locate and track the receiver , the power can be transmitted to the load which is at any distance.
 Also during the transmission of beam ,if any object crosses the beam the source will be automatically switched off and hence it does cause harm to the object.
 Thus this system will be a secured one. Implementation of this system in our country will make INDIA A FAIR AND GREEN COUNTRY.